| THE RISE AND FALL OF ISLAM: |
| 1st millennium CE |
| 9th century (801–900 CE / 184–288 AH) |
| FROM |
TO |
|
DETAIL: |
| 801 |
873 |
ACADEMIA: |
Al-Kindi, promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals |
| 803 |
|
ACADEMIA: |
Jabir ibn Hayyan, first to produce sulfuric acid, and other chemicals and instruments |
| “ |
|
DEFEAT: |
Downfall of the Barmakids |
| “ |
|
EXECUTION: |
Ja’far ibn Yahya executed. |
| 805 |
|
REVOLT: |
Outbreak of revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan |
| “ |
|
CAMPAIGN: |
Harun al-Rashid leads a huge campaign against the Byzantines |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Harun al-Rashid |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Amin. |
| 810 |
|
ACADEMIA: |
House of Wisdom set up in Baghdad, where Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works were translated into Arabic |
| “ |
|
|
Muhammad al-Taqi, the 9th Shia Imam was born |
| 811 |
|
WAR: |
Abbasid Civil War |
| “ |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Rayy in Persia |
| 812 |
|
WAR: |
August: Abbasid Civil War |
| “ |
|
SIEGE: |
The Siege of Baghdad begins |
| 813 |
|
WAR: |
September: Abbasid Civil War |
| “ |
|
SIEGE: |
The Siege of Baghdad ends with the capture of the city by the forces of al-Ma’mun |
| “ |
|
|
The death of al-Amin |
| 815 |
|
REVOLT: |
Shi’a revolt under Abu ‘l-Saraya al-Sirri in Iraq |
| “ |
|
|
Harthama ibn A’yan quells the revolt |
| 816 |
|
REVOLT: |
Shi’a revolt in Mecca |
| “ |
|
CONQUESTS: |
In Spain the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica |
| “ |
|
EXECUTION: |
Harthama ibn A’yan is executed |
| 818 |
|
|
Ali al-Rida dies in Mashhad |
| “ |
|
|
Muhammad al-Taqi becomes Imam |
| “ |
|
CONQUESTS: |
The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Sardinia |
| 820 |
|
SOVEREIGNTY: |
Tahir ibn Husayn establishes the rule of the Tahirids in Khurasan |
| 821 |
979 |
DYNASTIES: |
Iranian Intermezzo rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian plateau |
| “ |
873 |
DYNASTIES: |
Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan |
| 822 |
|
|
Death of al-Hakam I in Spain |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abd ar-Rahman II |
| 823 |
|
|
Death of Tahir in Khurasan |
| “ |
|
DEPOSITION: |
Accession of Talha and his deposition |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani |
| 825 |
|
|
ca. 825: Establishment of the Emirate of Crete |
| 827 |
902 |
CONQUEST: |
Muslim conquest of Sicily |
| “ |
|
|
Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born |
| “ |
|
STATE RELIGION: |
Ma’mun declares the Mu’tazili creed as the state religion |
| 833 |
|
|
Death of Ma’mun |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Mu’tasim |
| 835 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Muhammad al-Taqi is poisoned |
| “ |
|
|
Ali al-Hadi becomes Imam |
| 836 |
901 |
ACADEMIA: |
Thabit Ibn Qurra, discovered a theorem which enables pairs of amicable numbers to be found |
| “ |
|
CAPITAL CITY: |
al-Mu’tasim moves the capital to Samarra |
| 837 |
|
REVOLT: |
Revolt of the Jats |
| 838 |
|
REVOLT: |
Revolt of Babak Khorramdin in Azarbaijan suppressed |
| “ |
|
SACKING: |
Sack of Amorium by al-Mu’tasim |
| 839 |
|
REVOLT: |
Revolt of Mazyar in Tabaristan |
| “ |
|
OCCUPATION: |
The Muslims occupy South Italy |
| “ |
|
CAPTURE |
Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily |
| 842 |
|
|
Death of al-Mu’tasim |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Wathiq |
| 843 |
|
REVOLT: |
Revolt of the Arabs |
| “ |
|
OFFENSIVE: |
Unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete |
| 846 |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Mauropotamos between Byzantines and Abbasids in Asia Minor |
| 846 |
|
|
Hasan al-Askari, the 11th Shia Imam is born |
| 847 |
871 |
|
Emirate of Bari |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Wathiq |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Mutawakkil |
| 849 |
|
|
Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Tahir II |
| 850 |
|
ORTHODOXY: |
Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy |
| 852 |
|
|
Death of Abd ar-Rahman II of Spain |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Muhammad I |
| 856 |
|
SOVEREIGNTY |
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind |
| 858 |
|
|
Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya |
| 860 |
|
SOVEREIGNTY |
Ahmad founds the Samanid rule in Transoxiana |
| 861 |
1003 |
DYNASTIES: |
Saffarid dynasty, an Iranian Persian empire |
| “ |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Murder of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Muntasir |
| “ |
|
|
Beginning of the “Anarchy at Samarra“ |
| 862 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Muntasir poisoned to death |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Musta’in |
| 863 |
|
BATTLE: |
The Battle of Lalakaon breaks the power of the emirate of Malatya |
| “ |
|
OFFENSIVE: |
Start of the Byzantine counter-offensive |
| 864 |
930 |
ACADEMIA: |
Al-Razi, advocate of hygiene and patients’ psychology, wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap, glycerine and naphta in “Book of the Secret of Secrets |
| “ |
|
REPUBLIC: |
Zaydi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd (Alavids) |
| 866 |
|
WAR: |
Abbasid Civil War |
| “ |
|
FUGITIVE: |
Al-Musta’in flees from Samarra, his deposition |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Mu’tazz |
| “ |
|
REPUBLIC: |
Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaidhir, a descendent of Ali, establishes an independent kingdom in Yamamah |
| 867 |
|
SOVEREIGNTY: |
Ya’qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan |
| 868 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Ali al-Hadi is poisoned |
| “ |
|
|
Hasan al-Askari becomes Imam |
| “ |
|
|
Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last Imam of shiite is born |
| “ |
|
|
Ahmad ibn Tulun finds the Tulunid rule in Egypt |
| 869 |
|
ABDICATION: |
The Abbasid Caliph Mu’tazz forced to abdicate |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Muhtadi |
| “ |
|
REVOLT: |
Beginning of Zanj Rebellion in Basra |
| 870 |
|
REVOLT: |
Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Mu’tamid |
| 871 |
|
BATTLE: |
Bari is captured by Louis II of Italy, ending the Emirate of Bari |
| 873 |
|
|
Tahirid rule extinguished |
| 874 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Hasan al-Askari is poisoned |
| “ |
|
|
Muhammad al-Mahdi becomes Imam |
| “ |
|
REPUBLIC: |
Zanji state established at al-Muktara during the Zanj Rebellion in South Iraq |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Nasr I |
| 875/19 |
999 |
DYNASTIES: |
Samanid dynasty, an Iranian empire |
| 877 |
|
|
Death of Ya’qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Amr bin Layth |
| 878 |
|
SIEGE: |
Fall of Syracuse to the Muslims |
| 883 |
|
CESSATION: |
End of Zanj Rebellion |
| 885 |
|
|
Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun |
| 886 |
|
|
Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of al-Mundhir |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind |
| 888 |
|
|
Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi |
| 891 |
|
REPUBLIC: |
The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain |
| 892 |
|
|
Abbasid Caliph al-Mu’tamid death. |
| “ |
|
|
al-Mu’tadid becomes Caliph |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Ismail I |
| 893 |
|
|
Zaydi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim |
| 894 |
|
|
The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain |
| 896 |
|
|
Death of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abu ‘l-Asakir Jaysh |
| 897 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Abu ‘l-Asakir Jaysh assassinated |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abu Musa Harun |
| 898 |
|
SACKING: |
Qarmatians sack Basra |
|
|
x |
By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 per cent of the total |
