Timeline of Middle Eastern history.
THE RISE AND FALL OF ISLAM: | ||||
1st millennium CE | ||||
9th century (801–900 CE / 184–288 AH) | ||||
FROM | TO | DETAIL: | ||
801 | 873 | ACADEMIA: | Al-Kindi, promoter of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, introduced Indian numerals | |
803 | ACADEMIA: | Jabir ibn Hayyan, first to produce sulfuric acid, and other chemicals and instruments | ||
“ | DEFEAT: | Downfall of the Barmakids | ||
“ | EXECUTION: | Ja’far ibn Yahya executed. | ||
805 | REVOLT: | Outbreak of revolt of Rafi ibn al-Layth in Khurasan | ||
“ | CAMPAIGN: | Harun al-Rashid leads a huge campaign against the Byzantines | ||
“ | Death of Harun al-Rashid | |||
“ | Accession of al-Amin. | |||
810 | ACADEMIA: | House of Wisdom set up in Baghdad, where Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works were translated into Arabic | ||
“ | Muhammad al-Taqi, the 9th Shia Imam was born | |||
811 | WAR: | Abbasid Civil War | ||
“ | BATTLE: | Battle of Rayy in Persia | ||
812 | WAR: | August: Abbasid Civil War | ||
“ | SIEGE: | The Siege of Baghdad begins | ||
813 | WAR: | September: Abbasid Civil War | ||
“ | SIEGE: | The Siege of Baghdad ends with the capture of the city by the forces of al-Ma’mun | ||
“ | The death of al-Amin | |||
815 | REVOLT: | Shi’a revolt under Abu ‘l-Saraya al-Sirri in Iraq | ||
“ | Harthama ibn A’yan quells the revolt | |||
816 | REVOLT: | Shi’a revolt in Mecca | ||
“ | CONQUESTS: | In Spain the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica | ||
“ | EXECUTION: | Harthama ibn A’yan is executed | ||
818 | Ali al-Rida dies in Mashhad | |||
“ | Muhammad al-Taqi becomes Imam | |||
“ | CONQUESTS: | The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Sardinia | ||
820 | SOVEREIGNTY: | Tahir ibn Husayn establishes the rule of the Tahirids in Khurasan | ||
821 | 979 | DYNASTIES: | Iranian Intermezzo rise of various native Iranian Muslim dynasties in the Iranian plateau | |
“ | 873 | DYNASTIES: | Tahirid dynasty in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan | |
822 | Death of al-Hakam I in Spain | |||
“ | Accession of Abd ar-Rahman II | |||
823 | Death of Tahir in Khurasan | |||
“ | DEPOSITION: | Accession of Talha and his deposition | ||
“ | Accession of Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani | |||
825 | ca. 825: Establishment of the Emirate of Crete | |||
827 | 902 | CONQUEST: | Muslim conquest of Sicily | |
“ | Ali al-Hadi, the 10th Shia Imam is born | |||
“ | STATE RELIGION: | Ma’mun declares the Mu’tazili creed as the state religion | ||
833 | Death of Ma’mun | |||
“ | Accession of al-Mu’tasim | |||
835 | ASSASSINATION: | Muhammad al-Taqi is poisoned | ||
“ | Ali al-Hadi becomes Imam | |||
836 | 901 | ACADEMIA: | Thabit Ibn Qurra, discovered a theorem which enables pairs of amicable numbers to be found | |
“ | CAPITAL CITY: | al-Mu’tasim moves the capital to Samarra | ||
837 | REVOLT: | Revolt of the Jats | ||
838 | REVOLT: | Revolt of Babak Khorramdin in Azarbaijan suppressed | ||
“ | SACKING: | Sack of Amorium by al-Mu’tasim | ||
839 | REVOLT: | Revolt of Mazyar in Tabaristan | ||
“ | OCCUPATION: | The Muslims occupy South Italy | ||
“ | CAPTURE | Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily | ||
842 | Death of al-Mu’tasim | |||
“ | Accession of al-Wathiq | |||
843 | REVOLT: | Revolt of the Arabs | ||
“ | OFFENSIVE: | Unsuccessful Byzantine attempt to reconquer the Emirate of Crete | ||
846 | BATTLE: | Battle of Mauropotamos between Byzantines and Abbasids in Asia Minor | ||
846 | Hasan al-Askari, the 11th Shia Imam is born | |||
847 | 871 | Emirate of Bari | ||
“ | Death of Wathiq | |||
“ | Accession of al-Mutawakkil | |||
849 | Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani | |||
“ | Accession of Tahir II | |||
850 | ORTHODOXY: | Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy | ||
852 | Death of Abd ar-Rahman II of Spain | |||
“ | Accession of Muhammad I | |||
856 | SOVEREIGNTY | Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind | ||
858 | Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya | |||
860 | SOVEREIGNTY | Ahmad founds the Samanid rule in Transoxiana | ||
861 | 1003 | DYNASTIES: | Saffarid dynasty, an Iranian Persian empire | |
“ | ASSASSINATION: | Murder of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil | ||
“ | Accession of al-Muntasir | |||
“ | Beginning of the “Anarchy at Samarra“ | |||
862 | ASSASSINATION: | Muntasir poisoned to death | ||
“ | Accession of al-Musta’in | |||
863 | BATTLE: | The Battle of Lalakaon breaks the power of the emirate of Malatya | ||
“ | OFFENSIVE: | Start of the Byzantine counter-offensive | ||
864 | 930 | ACADEMIA: | Al-Razi, advocate of hygiene and patients’ psychology, wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap, glycerine and naphta in “Book of the Secret of Secrets | |
“ | REPUBLIC: | Zaydi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd (Alavids) | ||
866 | WAR: | Abbasid Civil War | ||
“ | FUGITIVE: | Al-Musta’in flees from Samarra, his deposition | ||
“ | Accession of al-Mu’tazz | |||
“ | REPUBLIC: | Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Ukhaidhir, a descendent of Ali, establishes an independent kingdom in Yamamah | ||
867 | SOVEREIGNTY: | Ya’qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan | ||
868 | ASSASSINATION: | Ali al-Hadi is poisoned | ||
“ | Hasan al-Askari becomes Imam | |||
“ | Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last Imam of shiite is born | |||
“ | Ahmad ibn Tulun finds the Tulunid rule in Egypt | |||
869 | ABDICATION: | The Abbasid Caliph Mu’tazz forced to abdicate | ||
“ | Accession of al-Muhtadi | |||
“ | REVOLT: | Beginning of Zanj Rebellion in Basra | ||
870 | REVOLT: | Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death | ||
“ | Accession of al-Mu’tamid | |||
871 | BATTLE: | Bari is captured by Louis II of Italy, ending the Emirate of Bari | ||
873 | Tahirid rule extinguished | |||
874 | ASSASSINATION: | Hasan al-Askari is poisoned | ||
“ | Muhammad al-Mahdi becomes Imam | |||
“ | REPUBLIC: | Zanji state established at al-Muktara during the Zanj Rebellion in South Iraq | ||
“ | Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad | |||
“ | Accession of Nasr I | |||
875/19 | 999 | DYNASTIES: | Samanid dynasty, an Iranian empire | |
877 | Death of Ya’qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar in Sistan | |||
“ | Accession of Amr bin Layth | |||
878 | SIEGE: | Fall of Syracuse to the Muslims | ||
883 | CESSATION: | End of Zanj Rebellion | ||
885 | Death of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Egypt | |||
“ | Accession of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun | |||
886 | Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain | |||
“ | Accession of al-Mundhir | |||
“ | Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind | |||
888 | Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain | |||
“ | Accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi | |||
891 | REPUBLIC: | The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain | ||
892 | Abbasid Caliph al-Mu’tamid death. | |||
“ | al-Mu’tadid becomes Caliph | |||
“ | Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr | |||
“ | Accession of Ismail I | |||
893 | Zaydi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya ibn al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim | |||
894 | The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain | |||
896 | Death of Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun | |||
“ | Accession of Abu ‘l-Asakir Jaysh | |||
897 | ASSASSINATION: | Abu ‘l-Asakir Jaysh assassinated | ||
“ | Accession of Abu Musa Harun | |||
898 | SACKING: | Qarmatians sack Basra | ||
x | By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 per cent of the total |