| THE RISE AND FALL OF ISLAM: |
| 2nd millennium CE |
| 13th century (1201–1300) (600 AH – 703 AH) |
| FROM |
TO |
|
DETAIL: |
| 1202 |
1204 |
CRUSADE: |
CRUSADE NO.4: Crusade |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Ghurid Sultan Ghias ud Din |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Mahmud of Ghurid |
| 1204 |
|
DEFEAT: |
Shahab ud Din Ghuri defeated by the Ghuzz Turks |
| 1206 |
|
|
Death of Shahab ud Din Ghuri |
| “ |
|
SOVEREIGNTY: |
Qutb ud Din Aibik crowned king in Lahore |
| 1210 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan Mahmud |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Sam |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Aram Shah in India |
| 1211 |
|
CESSATION: |
End of the Ghurid rule, their territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs |
| “ |
|
OVERTHROW: |
In India Aram Shah overthrown by Iltutmish |
| 1212 |
|
CRUSADE: |
PEOPLE’S and CHILDREN’S CRUSADE: Crusade |
| |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain |
| “ |
|
CESSATION: |
End of the Almohad rule in Spain |
| “ |
|
DEFEAT: |
The Almohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de Tolosa |
| “ |
|
FUGITIVE: |
The Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir escapes to Morocco |
| 1213 |
1288 |
ACADEMIA: |
Ibn Al-Nafis, discovered the lesser circulatory system of the heart and the lungs), and described the mechanism of breathing and its relation to the blood |
| “ |
|
|
Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir‘s death |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of his son Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph |
| 1216 |
|
OCCUPATION: |
The Marinids under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco |
| “ |
|
DEFEAT: |
The Almohad suffer defeat by the Marinids at the Battle of Nakur |
| 1217 |
1221 |
CRUSADE: |
CRUSADE NO.5: Crusade |
| “ |
|
DEFEAT: |
The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river |
| “ |
|
|
Abdul Haq is killed and the Marinids evacuate Morocco |
| 1218 |
1221 |
CONQUEST: |
Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia marked the beginning of the Mongol conquest of the Islamic states |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Al-Kamil |
| “ |
|
OCCUPATION: |
The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez |
| 1220 |
|
|
Death of the Khwarezmid |
| “ |
|
|
Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu |
| 1223 |
|
|
Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph. |
| “ |
|
|
In Spain a brother of Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph declares his independence and assumes the title of Al Adil (Abdallah, Almohad Caliph). |
| 1224 |
|
|
Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid I |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abdallah, Almohad Caliph |
| 1225 |
|
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph An-Nasir |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Az-Zahir |
| 1227 |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Assassination of the Almohad ruler Abdullah Adil |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of his son, Yahya |
| 1228 |
1229 |
CRUSADE: |
CRUSADE NO.6: Crusade |
| 1229 |
|
|
Death of the Almohad ruler Yahya |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Idris I |
| “ |
|
JERUSALEM: |
The Ayyubid Al-Kamil restores  Jerusalem to the Christians |
| 1230 |
|
CESSATION: |
End of the Khwarezmid Empire |
| 1232 |
|
|
Death of the Almohad ruler Idris I |
| “ |
|
|
Accession, of Abdul Wahid II |
| 1234 |
|
|
Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Kamil |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Al-Adil II |
| 1236 |
|
|
Death of Delhi Sultan Altamash |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Rukn ud din Firuz |
| 1237 |
|
|
Accession of Razia Sultan as Delhi Sultan |
| 1241 |
1244 |
INVASIONS: |
Mongol invasions of Anatolia |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Razia Sultan |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Muiz ud din Bahram |
| 1242 |
|
|
Death of Muiz ud din Bahram |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Ala ud din Masud as Delhi Sultan |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid II |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Al-Musta’sim |
| 1244 |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Abu Bayash |
| “ |
|
DEFEAT: |
The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash |
| “ |
|
RETREAT: |
The Marinids evacuate Morocco |
| 1245 |
|
JERUSALEM: |
The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem |
| 1246 |
|
|
Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud din Masud |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Nasir ud din Mahmud |
| 1248 |
1254 |
CRUSADE: |
CRUSADE NO.7: Crusade |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Almohad |
| “ |
|
|
Ruler Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid, ambushed in an attack to Tlemcen |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph |
| 1250 |
|
OCCUPATION: |
The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greater part thereof |
| 1258 |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Baghdad (1258) |
| “ |
|
SACKING: |
Forces of the Mongol Empire sack Baghdad |
| “ |
|
CESSATION: |
Forces of the Mongol Empire destruct the House of Wisdom, marking the end of the Islamic Golden Age |
| “ |
|
|
Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta’sim |
| “ |
|
CESSATION: |
End of the Abbasid rule |
| “ |
|
SOVEREIGNTY: |
The Mongols under Hulagu Khan establish their rule in Iran and Iraq |
| “ |
|
|
Berek Khan, the Muslim chief of the Golden Horde, protests against the treatment meted out to the Abbasid Caliph and withdraws his contingent from Baghdad |
| 1259 |
|
|
The Hafsid ruler Abd Allah Muhammad declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of Al Mustansir |
| 1260 |
1323 |
INVASIONS: |
Mongol invasions of the Levant |
| “ |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria |
| “ |
|
DEFEAT: |
The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and the spell of the invincibility of the Mongols is broken |
| “ |
|
|
Baibars becomes the Mamluk Sultan |
| 1261 |
1517 |
|
Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo |
| 1262 |
|
|
Death of Bahauddin Zikriya in Multan who is credited with the introduction of the Suhrawardiyya Sufi order in the South Asia |
| 1265 |
|
|
Death of Hulagu Khan |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Fariduddin Ganjshakar the Chishti saint of the South Asia |
| 1266 |
|
CONVERTS: |
Death of Berke Khan, the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam |
| 1267 |
|
REPUBLIC: |
Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia |
| “ |
|
INVASIONS: |
Umar, Almohad Caliph seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco |
| “ |
|
|
The Marinids drive away the Spaniards from Morocco |
| “ |
|
ASSASSINATION: |
Assassination of Umar, Almohad Caliph |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of Idris II, Almohad Caliph |
| 1269 |
|
OVERTHROW: |
Idris II, Almohad Caliph is overthrown by the Marinids |
| |
|
CESSATION: |
End of the Almohad |
| “ |
|
SOVEREIGNTY: |
The Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub |
| 1270 |
|
CRUSADE: |
CRUSADE NO.8: The eighth crusade: the crusaders invade Tunisia; failure of the crusade |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali |
| 1271 |
1272 |
CRUSADE: |
CRUSADE NO.9: Crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England |
| 1272 |
|
|
Death of Muhammad I of Granada the founder of the state of Granada |
| “ |
|
INVASIONS: |
Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the battle |
| 1273 |
|
|
Death of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi |
| 1274 |
|
|
Death of Nasir al-Din Tusi |
| “ |
|
|
The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Ziyyanids |
| 1277 |
|
|
Death of Baibars |
| 1280 |
|
BATTLE: |
Battle of Hims |
| 1283 |
|
|
Death of Yaghmurasan |
| “ |
|
|
Accession of his son Othman |
| 1285 |
|
|
Tunisis splits in Tunis and Bougie |
| 1286 |
|
|
Death of Ghiasuddin Balban |
| “ |
|
|
Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub |
| “ |
|
INDEPENDENCE: |
Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the name of Nasiruddin |
| 1290 |
|
CESSATION: |
End of the slave dynasty in India |
| “ |
|
SOVEREIGNTY: |
Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji comes into power |
| “ |
|
CONQUEST: |
Othman embarks on a career of conquest and, by 1290, most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by the Ziyyanids |
| 1291 |
|
|
Death of Iranian poet Saadi |
| 1296 |
|
CONVERTS: |
Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan converted to Islam |
| 1299 |
1923 |
SOVEREIGNTY: |
Rise of the Ottoman Empire |
| “ |
|
INVASIONS: |
Mongols invade Syria |
| “ |
|
SIEGE: |
The Marinids besiege Tlemcen, the capital of the Ziyyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen. |
| “ |
|
|
By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 7 per cent of the total |
| 1300 |
|
DEPORTATION: |
Deportation of the last Muslims from Lucera, Italy |
|
|
|
|
